A review of teacher language awareness (2015-2024): Current trends and future directions

Authors

  • Weiqing Wang Xiangtan University
  • Yuqing Yan Xiangtan University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2024.023

Keywords:

teacher language awareness, critical language awareness, language teachers

Abstract

Teacher language awareness (TLA) encompasses language teachers’ competencies in using language, analyzing language, and teaching language (Lindahl, 2019). As these competencies directly influence how teachers teach language and the effectiveness of their instruction, TLA has garnered growing interest in recent years, resulting in an expanding body of research. Against this backdrop, this review first briefly clarifies the definitions and boundaries of TLA, highlighting the importance of integrating critical language awareness into TLA. It then analyzes the working mechanisms of TLA, followed by a selective review of empirical research (2015-2024) on the effect of TLA on teachers’ beliefs and practices, the current state of TLA, mediating factors, and the strategies for developing TLA. The review concludes by emphasizing the relevance of social and power dynamics in TLA and discussing current trends and future directions for TLA research.

Author Biographies

  • Weiqing Wang, Xiangtan University

    Professor Weiqing Wang received her PhD degree from Michigan State University. She is now a professor in the English Department of the School of Foreign Language Studies at Xiangtan University, Hunan, China.
    Email: wangweiq@xtu.edu.cn

  • Yuqing Yan, Xiangtan University

    Yuqing Yan is a graduate student from the School of Foreign Language Studies at Xiangtan University, Hunan, China.
    Email: 1034424810@qq.com

References

Alisaari, J., Heikkola, L. M., Commins, N., & Acquah, E. O. (2019). Monolingual ideologies confronting multilingual realities. Finnish teachers’ beliefs about linguistic diversity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.01.003

Alisaari, J., Heikkola, L. M., Commins, N., & Acquah, E. O. (2019). Monolingual ideologies confronting multilingual realities. Finnish teachers’ beliefs about linguistic diversity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 80, 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.01.003

Andrews, S. (1997). Metalinguistic awareness and teacher explanation. Language Awareness, 6(2&3), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1997.9959924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1997.9959924

Andrews, S. (1999a). Why do L2 teachers need to ‘know about language’? Teacher metalinguistic awareness and input for learning. Language and Education, 13(3), 161-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500789908666766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09500789908666766

Andrews, S. (1999b). ‘All these like little name things’: A comparative study of language teachers’ explicit knowledge of grammar and grammatical terminology. Language Awareness, 8(3&4), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658419908667125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658419908667125

Andrews, S. (2001). The language awareness of the L2 teacher: Its impact upon pedagogical practice. Language Awareness, 10(2&3), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658410108667027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658410108667027

Andrews, S. (2003). ‘Just like instant noodles’: L2 teachers and their beliefs about grammar pedagogy. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 9(4), 351-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354060032000097253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1354060032000097253

Andrews, S., & Svalberg, A. M. L. (2017). Teacher language awareness. In J. Cenoz, D. Gorter & S. May (Eds.), Language awareness and multilingualism (pp. 219-231). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02240-6_17

Burton, J., Wong, W., & Rajendram, S. (2024). Translanguaging for critical multilingual language awareness: Preparing teacher candidates to support multilingual learners in classrooms. International Multilingual Research Journal, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2024.2327809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2024.2327809

Cárdenas Curiel, L., Ojha, L. P., Zang, L., & Chen, M. (2024). “The best way to get to know a student is to know their community”: Fostering pre-service teachers’ critical multilingual language awareness through linguistic community walks. International Multilingual Research Journal, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2024.2326701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2024.2326701

Chang, S., Torres-Guzmán, M. E., & Waring, H. Z. (2020). Experiencing critical language awareness as a collective struggle: Methodological innovations in language awareness workshops. The Language Learning Journal, 48(3), 356-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2020.1740769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2020.1740769

Deroo, M. R., & Ponzio, C. (2019). Confronting ideologies: A discourse analysis of in-service teachers’ translanguaging stance through an ecological lens. Bilingual Research Journal, 42(2), 214-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2019.1589604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2019.1589604

Deroo, M. R., & Ponzio, C. M. (2023). Fostering pre-service teachers’ critical multilingual language awareness: Use of multimodal compositions to confront hegemonic language ideologies. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1863153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1863153

Dubiner, D. (2018). ‘Write it down and then what?’: Promoting pre-service teachers’ language awareness, metacognitive development and pedagogical skills through reflections on vocabulary acquisition and teaching. Language awareness, 27(4), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2018.1521815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2018.1521815

Ducar, C. (2022). SHL teacher development and critical language awareness: From Engaño to understanding. Languages, 7(3), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7030182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7030182

Ducar, C. (2024). Critical language awareness and teacher training: A framework for change. In L. Padilla & R. Vana (Eds.), Representation, inclusion and social justice in world language teaching (pp. 213-233). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003361787-15

Edge, J. (1988). Applying linguistics in English language teacher training for speakers of other languages. ELT Journal, 42(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/42.1.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/42.1.9

Fairclough, N. (Ed.). (1990). Critical language awareness. Longman. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315845661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315845661

Finkbeiner, C., Olson, M., Ost, W. S., & Shonfeld, M. (2024). Language awareness and cultural awareness in international online cooperation: A mixed-method approach. Language Awareness, 33(2), 407-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2244882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2244882

Gage, O. (2020). Urgently needed: A praxis of language awareness among pre-service primary teachers. Language awareness, 29(3-4), 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2020.1786102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2020.1786102

García, O. (2017). Critical multilingual language awareness and teacher education. In J. Cenoz, D. Gorter & S. May (Eds.), Language awareness and multilingualism (pp. 263-280). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02240-6_30

Gießler, R. (2015). Teacher language awareness and cognitive linguistics (CL): Building a CL-inspired perspective on teaching lexis in EFL student teachers. In C. Finkbeiner & A. M. L. Svalberg (Eds.), Awareness matters (pp. 113-135). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2011.639891

Gordon, J., & Arias, R. S. (2024). “The Most Important Thing Is to Make Them Aware”: A Case Study of Teacher Metalanguage Knowledge and Explicit L2 Pronunciation Instruction. TESOL Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3301

Haim, O., & Tannenbaum, M. (2022). Teaching English to multilingual immigrant students: Understanding teachers’ beliefs and practices. Teachers and Teaching, 28(4), 420-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2022.2062737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2022.2062737

Hammou, Y. A., Trimasse, N., & Elghazi, M. (2024). Moroccan EFL teachers’ beliefs about the potential contribution of multilingualism to the L3 English classroom: To what extent is multilingualism an asset to L3 English learners?. International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies, 5(3), 340-361. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v5i3.508 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v5i3.508

Haukås, Å. (2016). Teachers’ beliefs about multilingualism and a multilingual pedagogical approach. International Journal of Multilingualism, 13(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2015.1041960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2015.1041960

Howerton-Fox, A., Falk, J. L., & Kretschmer, R. (2023). A Portrait of grammar knowledge in practice: Teacher language awareness in a Swedish bilingual school for the deaf. In N. R. Neild & P. J. Graham (Eds.), Cases on teacher preparation in deaf education (pp. 67-101). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5834-1.ch004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5834-1.ch004

James, C., & Garrett, P. (1991). The scope of language awareness. In C. James & P. Garrett (Eds.), Language awareness in the classroom (pp. 3-20). Longman.

Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lindahl, K. (2019). Teacher language awareness development and its implications for new educators. The New Educator, 15(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2018.1526356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2018.1526356

Lindahl, K., Hansen-Thomas, H., Baecher, L., & Stewart, M. A. (2020). Study abroad for critical multilingual language awareness development in teacher candidates. TESL-EJ, 23(4), 1-13.

Lindahl, K., & Henderson, K. I. (2019). The intersection of language ideologies and language awareness among in-service teachers of emergent bilinguals. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 7(1), 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.17024.lin DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.17024.lin

Lundberg, A. (2019). Teachers’ viewpoints about an educational reform concerning multilingualism in German-speaking Switzerland. Learning and Instruction, 64, 101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101244

Manan, S. A., & David, M. K. (2021). Deprescriptivising folk theories: Critical multilingual language awareness for educators in Pakistan. The Language Learning Journal, 49(6), 668-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1657487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1657487

Mary, L., Lemoine-Bresson, V., & Choffat-Dürr, A. (2024). Fostering teacher language awareness in a primary English-language immersion school in France: Supporting teachers on the road to engaging students’ bilingual competencies. Language awareness, 33(2), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2204237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2204237

Mary, L., & Young, A. S. (2023). Nurturing critical multilingual awareness with pre-service (pre) primary teachers through an interdisciplinary, project-based approach. Language Awareness, 32(4), 621-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2274551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2274551

McNeill, B. (2018). Improving preservice teachers’ phonemic awareness, morphological awareness and orthographic knowledge. Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online), 43(1), 28-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.2

Nugraheni, A. D., Nurkamto, J., & Putra, K. A. (2023). Teachers’ multilingualism belief and practice in Indonesian EFL classroom. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 2655-2665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.2908

Osidak, V., Natsiuk, M., & Vogt, K. (2024). Teacher multilingual beliefs and practices in the English classroom: Implications for course development. Advanced Education, 92-117. https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.298917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.298917

Otwinowska, A. (2017). English teachers’ language awareness: Away with the monolingual bias?. Language Awareness, 26(4), 304-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2017.1409752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2017.1409752

Prasad, G., & Bettney Heidt, E. (2023). Be (com) ing multilingual listeners: Preparing (monolingual) teacher candidates to work with multilingual learners in mainstream classrooms. Language Awareness, 32(4), 600-620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2280030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2280030

Rocafort, M. C. (2019). The development of plurilingual education through multimodal narrative reflection in teacher education: A case study of a pre-service teacher’s beliefs about language education. Canadian Modern Language Review, 75(1), 40-64. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2017-0080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2017-0080

Romanowski, P. (2024). Language awareness, strategy training and the facilitative role of L2 English: Polish L3 teachers’ perceptions of multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism, 21(2), 728-746. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2082442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2082442

Shepard-Carey, L., & Gopalakrishnan, A. (2023). Developing critical language awareness in future English language educators across institutions and courses. Language Awareness, 32(1), 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2021.2002881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2021.2002881

Shi, L., & Rolstad, K. (2022). “A good start”: A new approach to gauging preservice teachers’ critical language awareness. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 21(6), 408-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1810045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1810045

Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4-14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X015002004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X015002004

Strobbe, L., Van Der Wildt, A., Van Avermaet, P., Van Gorp, K., Van den Branden, K., & Van Houtte, M. (2017). How school teams perceive and handle multilingualism: The impact of a school’s pupil composition. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.01.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.01.023

Thornbury, S. (1997). About Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Van Gorp, K., De Costa, P. I., Ponzio, C. M., Rawal, H., Her, L., & Deng, M. (2023). The emergence of critical multilingual language awareness in teacher education: The role of experience and coursework. Language Awareness, 32(4), 662-689. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2257601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2023.2257601

Vikøy, A., & Haukås, Å. (2023). Norwegian L1 teachers’ beliefs about a multilingual approach in increasingly diverse classrooms. International Journal of Multilingualism, 20(3), 912-931. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1961779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1961779

Wallen, M., & Kelly-Holmes, H. (2017). Developing language awareness for teachers of emergent bilingual learners using dialogic inquiry. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 20(3), 314-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1051506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1051506

Xerri, D. (2015). Developing teacher language awareness via in-service training: trainers’ beliefs. English Language Teacher Education and Development Journal, 18, 1-7.

Xu, D., & Harfitt, G. J. (2019). Teacher language awareness and scaffolded interaction in CLIL science classrooms. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 7(2), 212-232. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.18023.xu DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.18023.xu

Xu, Y. S., & Krulatz, A. (2023). “Multilingualism is a resource, not a difficulty”: Exploring Norwegian teachers’ beliefs and reported practices in multilingual settings. Teaching and Teacher Education, 136, 104332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104332

Zhang-Wu, Q., & Tian, Z. (2023). Raising critical language awareness in a translanguaging-infused teacher education course: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(4), 376-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2023.2202589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2023.2202589

Wang and Yan (2024)

Downloads

Published

2024-12-18

Issue

Section

Review

How to Cite

Wang, W., & Yan, Y. (2024). A review of teacher language awareness (2015-2024): Current trends and future directions. Journal of Language Teaching, 4(4), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2024.023

Similar Articles

61-70 of 73

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.