Continuing language teacher education: L2 experienced teachers engage in the craft of creative writing

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2024.007

Keywords:

language teacher education, creative writing, L2 teacher professional development, EFL teachers, experienced L2 teachers, L2 writing teachers, creative writing workshops

Abstract

Written self-expression in a foreign or second language (L2) is highly important for the 21st century yet the most difficult and underdeveloped of the four language skills. A promising direction to ensure L2 teacher motivation and writing skills is for them to experience the process of developing their own expressive writing.  Experienced L2 teachers, many non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTS) worldwide, often lack opportunities and motivation to improve their own L2 expressive writing. This exploratory study investigated the professional development (PD) of 15 experienced L2 teachers in an M.Ed. program who engaged with unique CW craft tools in a semester workshop course. Creative writing (CW) has been shown to contribute to L2 learner language development but has been ignored as a PD tool for L2 teachers. Mixed methods, using written open and closed pre-posttest questions, written final portfolio reflections and instructor field notes, assessed teacher changes.  Three major themes emerged: changes in the teacher as a writer; changes in teachers’ cognition about CW; changes as L2 teachers of expressive writing. The third theme will be addressed in a different paper. Teachers underwent changes in the following areas: increased written proficiency; more effective beliefs and knowledge about CW; improved cognition, i.e., increased appreciation for the process and products of CW. Examples of course units and CW craft tools are included.

Author Biography

  • Melodie Newman Rosenfeld, PhD, Talpiot College of Education

    Dr. Melodie Rosenfeld holds a Ph.D. in social sciences from Utrecht University, an M.Ed. in special education from University of California, Berkeley, a lifetime teaching credential and Reading Specialist credential from California State University, San Diego, and a B.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from University of California, Berkeley. She has been the Chair of the English Department at Achva Academic College of Education, is currently a lecturer in creative writing and special education in the B.Ed. and M.Ed. programs at Talpiot Academic College of Education. She designed and implemented a college study skills program for all incoming freshman in Hebrew and Arabic at Achva College and has designed and taught online courses in writing. Her research interests include creative writing, academic writing, individual learning differences of teachers, and teacher professional development. She is the lead author of research articles in Educational Psychology, Teaching Education, Science Education, Educational Psychology, Qualitative Psychology Nexus, and Journal of Writing Assessment. She co-authored an invited chapter in a Routledge book, Style Differences in Cognition, Learning and Management.
    E-mail: melorose@talpiot.ac.il

     

References

Alexander, P. A. (2003). The development of expertise: From acclimation to proficiency. Educational Researcher, 32(8), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032008010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X032008010

Andrews, R. (2008). The case for a national writing project for teachers. Reading: Centre for British Teachers (CfBT) Education Trust. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265348631_The_Case_for_a_National_Writing_Project_for_Teachers

Athans, K. (2021). The mystique of the National Writing Project. Texas Journal of Literary Education, 9(2), 58-76. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1329968.pdf

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Benegas, D., Roberts, G., Colucci, R. & Sarsa, B (2020). Authenticity and motivation: A writing for publication experience. ELT Journal, 74(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccz056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccz056

Bennett, A., Clarke, G., Motion, A. & Naidoo, B. (2008). A subject benchmark for creative writing. National Association of Writers in Education (NAWE). Higher Education Committee.

Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe and do. Language Teaching, 36(2), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/SO261444803001903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444803001903

Borko, H. (2004). Professional development and teacher learning: Mapping the terrain. Educational Researcher, 33(8), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033008003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033008003

Braun, J. and Crumpler, T. (2010). The social memoir: An analysis of developing reflective ability in a pre-service methods course. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(1). 59-75. https://www.academia.edu/1297068/The_social_memoir_An_analysis_of_developing_reflective_ability_in_a_pre_service_methods_course DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.09.006

Charmaz, K. (2003). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 81–110). Sage Publications, Inc.

Choi, H. & Kim, J. (2018). Digital storytelling and Google Docs for enhancing EFL students' writing skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 31(5-6), 529-550. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1380852.pdf

Crandall, B. & Early, J. (2023). Introduction to the special issue on The National Writing Project at work: Disruption, joy and rejuvenation in a time of Covid-19. Writing and Pedagogy, 15(1), 1-7. https://journal.equinoxpub.com/WAP/article/view/25787/27970 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.25787

Cremin, T. & Oliver, L. (2016). Teachers as writers: A systematic review. Research Papers in Education, 32(3), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2016.1187664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2016.1187664

Cremin, T., Myhill, D., Eyres, I, Nash, T., Wilson, A. & Oliver, L. (2019). Teachers as writers: Learning together with others. Literacy, 54 (2), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12201

Cremin, T. & Locke, T. (2016). Introduction. In T. Cremin, & T. Locke (Eds.) Writer Identity and the Teaching and Learning of Writing. (pp xvii-xxxi). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315669373

Cummins, A., Pena, A. & Montoya, M. 2019). Teachers as writers: Explorations in form. English in Texas, 49(2) 16-19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1261907.pdf

Dewi, A. (2013). English as an international language: An overview. Journal of English and Education, 6(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.20885/jee.vol6.iss2.art1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/jee.vol6.iss2.art1

Disney, D. (2014). Exploring second language creative writing: Beyond Babel. https://eacwp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Daniel-Soukup-Dan-Disney-ed.-Exploring-Second-Language-Creative-Writing.-Beyond-Babel-%E2%80%A2-76.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/lal.19

Dweck, C. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House. https://adrvantage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Mindset-The-New-Psychology-of-Success-Dweck.pdf

Eslami & Harper (2018). Language proficiency and non-native English speaker teachers. The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. (pp. 1-6). John Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0022

Floris, F.D. & Renandya, W.A. (2020). Promoting the value of non-native-English-speaking-teachers. PASAA, 59(1), 1-19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1240000.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.58837/CHULA.PASAA.59.1.1

Glasersfeld, E. (2005). Introduction: Aspects of constructivism. In C.T. Fosnot (ed.) Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives and Practice (2nd ed). Teachers College Press. http://beyondbitsandatoms.org/readings/fosnot_constructivism_1996.pdf

Graves, D. (1983). Writing Teachers & Children at Work. Heinemann.

Guskey, T. R. (2019). Grades versus comments: Research on student feedback. Phi Delta Kappan, 101(3), 42-47. https://kappanonline.org/grades-versus-comments-research-student-feedback-guskey/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721719885920

Hanjani, A. & Li, L. (2014). Exploring L2 writers’ collaborative revision interactions and their writing performance. System, 44, 101-114. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0346251X14000657 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.03.004

Hirvela, A. & Belcher, D. (2022). Expertise in L2 writing instruction: The road less travelled. Journal of Second Language Instruction, 58, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2022.100936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2022.100936

Iida, A. (2023). The influence of haiku composition tasks on the development of academic writing skills: A qualitative analysis. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(9), 550-570. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374567168_The_Influence_of_Haiku_Composition_Tasks_on_the_Development_of_Academic_Writing_Skills_A_Qualitative_Analysis DOI: https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.9.30

Jenkins, E. W. (2000). Constructivism in school science education: Powerful model or the most dangerous intellectual tendency? Science & Education, 9, 599-610. https://edcipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/E.-W.-Jenkins_Constructivism-in-School-Science-Education_2000.pdf

Jenkins, J. (accessed 2023). Video Clip: How to write compelling dialogue. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpWKp-fnZuU

Khan Academy Storytelling; Pixar in a Box (accessed 2023). https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/hass-storytelling/storytelling-pixar-in-a-box.

Khanjani, A., Vahdany, F., & Jafarigohar, M. (2018). Effects of journal writing on EFL teacher trainees’ reflective practice. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 6(1), 56–77. https://www.academia.edu/36136540/Effects_of_Journal_Writing_on_EFL_Teacher_Trainees_Reflective_Practice

Lamb, M. and Wyatt, M. (2019). Teacher motivation: the missing ingredient in teacher education. In S. Walsh and S. Mann (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of English Language Teacher Education. (pp. 522-535). Routledge. https://dl.avasshop.ir/up/files/the_routledge_handbook_of_english_lan_avasshop.pdf#page=65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315659824-41

Lamott, A. (1994). Bird by bird: Some instructions on writing and life. Pantheum Books, Random House. https://publish.illinois.edu/marylucillehays/files/2014/07/Lamott_Bird-by-Bird-1.pdf

Lee, H., & Park, S. (2018). Digital storytelling as a language-learning activity for EFL learners. Language Learning & Technology, 22(3), 23-37.

Lee, I. and Yuan, R. (2021). Understanding L2 writing teacher expertise. Journal of Second Language Writing, 52 (2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100755 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100755

Levy, Z., Salman, J., Barak, L. (2023). Language teacher preparation, induction and retention: unpacking two decades of research, The Language Learning Journal https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2023.2194309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2023.2194309

Locke, T., Whitehead, D., Dix, S. (2013). The Impact of ‘Writing Project’ Professional Development on Teachers’ Self-efficacy as Writers and Teachers of Writing. English in Australia, 48(2), 55–69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288283691_The_Impact_of_'Writing_Project'_Professional_Development_on_Teachers'_Self-efficacy_as_Writers_and_Teachers_of_Writing

Maloney, I. (2019). The place of creative writing in an EFL university curriculum. Bulletin of Nagoya University of Foreign Studies, 4, 229–251. https://nufs-nuas.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/1265/files/B-NUFS04_17.pdf

Maloney, I. (2022). The impact of creative writing on L2 writer confidence. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 4(4) 21-39. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2022.04.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2022.04.03

Martin, A., Rautiainen, A, Tarnanen, M., & Tynjälä, P. (2022) Teachers as writing students: narratives of professional development in a leisure-time creative writing community. Teacher Development, 26(3), 432-451. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13664530.2022.2083220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2022.2083220

Mazirow, J. (1991). Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Myhill, D., Cremin, T., Oliver, L. (2021). Writing as a craft: Reconsidering teacher subject content knowledge for teaching writing. Research Papers in Education, 38(3), 403-425. https://oro.open.ac.uk/79443/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2021.1977376

Neuendorf, K.A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.

Nicholes, J. (2023). Measuring ownership of creative versus academic writing: Implications for interdisciplinary praxis. Journal of Creative Writing Studies, 2(1), 1-21. https://www.nawe.co.uk/DB/wip-editions/articles/measuring-ownership-of-creative-versus-academic-writing-implications-for-interdisciplinary-praxis.html

OECD (2019). Future of Education and Skills 2030. Accessed Feb. 2024. www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/learningcompass-2030/OECD_Learning_Compass_2030_Concept_Note_Series.pdf

Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307-332. https://ssrlsite.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/pajares-1992-teachers_-beliefs-and-educational-research-cleaning-up-a-messy-construct.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307

Pedagogical Secretariat (2020). English curriculum. Israel Ministry of Education. 1-43. https://meyda.education.gov.il/files/Mazkirut_Pedagogit/English/Curriculum2020.pdf

Pelcova, M. (2015). Using creative writing as a tool for teaching English as a foreign language. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. https://is.muni.cz/th/yfcxh/Pelcova_Diploma_thesis_final.pdf

Perez, S. (1983). Teaching writing from the inside: Teachers as writers. Language Arts, 60(7), 847-850. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41961542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58680/la198326353

Quintara, J., Lopez, M. & Zuluaga, C. (2013). Writing autobiographies: A meaningful way to sensitize trainee teachers. International Education Studies, 6(7), 165-175. https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/28483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n7p165

Reedsy Blog point of view (accessed 2023). https://blog.reedsy.com/guide/point-of-view/

Reynolds, Yang & Yu (2022). Teaching and learning second language creative writing in a Taiwanese University: The issues with language ideology and creativity. MEXTESOL Journal, 46(2), 1-15. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1357851

Riley, K. (2023). Personal communication. Senior Programs and Operations Manager, National Writing Project

Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2011). The influence of affective teacher-student relationships on students’ school engagement and achievement: A meta-analytic approach. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 493-529. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311421793 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311421793

Rosenfeld, M. & Rosenfeld, S. (2004). Developing teacher sensitivity to individual learning differences. Educational Psychology, 24(4), 465-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000228852 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000228852

Schad, M. and Jones, M. (2020). The maker movement and education: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 52(1), 65-78. https://10.1080/15391523.2019.1688739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2019.1688739

Silva, T., Sun, Y., Lucas, K., Lazajani, P. & Zhang, Q. (2019). Scholarship on L2 writing in 2018: The year in review. Paper presented at the TESOL International Convention, Denver Colorado, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342246921_Scholarship_on_SLW_in_2018_The_Year_in_Review

Smith, C. (2013). Creative writing as an important tool in second language acquisition and practice. The Journal of Literature in Language Teaching, 2(1), 12–18. https://liltsig.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/lilt-2_1_Smith.pdf

Smith, C. A. (2021). Distributed creativity: Language learning and the craft approach to creativity. In P. Clements, R. Derrah, & P. Ferguson (Eds.), Communities of teachers & learners. 2020(1). https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTPCP2020-02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTPCP2020-02

Smith, J. & Wrigley, S. (2012). What has writing ever done for us? The power of teachers’ writing groups. NATE Journal English in Education, 46(1), 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-8845.2011.01116.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-8845.2011.01116.x

Syrewicz, C. (2021). Centering the activity of writing: Designing writing tasks for the introductory creative-writing classroom. Journal of Creative Writing Studies, 6(2) 1-30. https://repository.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1262&context=jcws

Tesconi, S. (2017). Teacher training in making through the co-design of learning environments. UTE. Revista de Ciències de l’Educació, 2, 6-18. https://revistes.urv.cat/index.php/ute/article/download/1807/1826

Wachtmeister, W. & Efverlund, Y. (2021). The Effectiveness of using L2 Creative Writing in the classroom to support autonomous learning and motivation: CW in L2 in Sweden. M.A. thesis in Secondary English education. Malmo University. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1526788/FULLTEXT02

Weigle, S.C. (2005). Second Language Writing Expertise. In K. Johnson, K. (ed.) Expertise in Second Language Learning and Teaching. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523470_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523470_7

Whitney, A. (2008). Teacher transformation in the National Writing Project. Research in the Teaching of English, 43(2), 144-187. https://lead.nwp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Whitney_teachertransformation.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.58680/rte20086775

Whitney, E. & Freidrich, L. (2013). Orientations for the teaching of writing: A legacy of the National Writing Project. Teachers College Record, 115, 1-37. https://lead.nwp.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/Orientations_for_the_Teaching_of_Writing-_A_Legacy_of_the_National_Writing_Project.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811311500707

Worden, D. (2019). Developing L2 writing teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge of genre through the unfamiliar genre project. Journal of Second Language Writing, 46, 100667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.100667 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.100667

Writing is a Virus; website for authors (accessed 2023) https://www.languageisavirus.com/

Yang, S. H. (2018). Investigating teacher learning using a web-based writing platform. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 46(1), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2016.1245408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2016.1245408

Zhang, Y, Yu, S., Liu, C. & Jiang, L. (2022). Mapping research on second language writing teachers: A review on teacher cognition, practices, and expertise. System, 109, 102870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102870

Zhao, Y. (2014). L2 creative writers’ identities: Their cognitive writing processes and sense of empowerment. New Writing: International Journal for the Practice and Theory of Creative Writing, 11(3), 452–466. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14790726.2014.956124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14790726.2014.956124

Zhao, Y. and Brown, P. (2014). Building agentive identity through second language (L2) creative writing: A sociocultural perspective on L2 writers’ cognitive processes in creative composition. The Asian EFL Journal, 16(3), 116-154. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289858625_Building_agentive_identity_through_second_language_L2_creative_writing_A_sociocultural_perspective_on_L2_writers'_cognitive_processes_in_creative_composition#fullTextFileContent

Rosenfeld (2024)

Published

2024-04-30

Issue

Section

Original Research

How to Cite

Rosenfeld, M. (2024). Continuing language teacher education: L2 experienced teachers engage in the craft of creative writing. Journal of Language Teaching, 4(2), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2024.007

Similar Articles

1-10 of 74

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.