Exploring the effectiveness of incidental vocabulary acquisition through writing and reading: A thought experiment replicating and extending Pichette et al. (2012)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54475/jlt.2026.003Keywords:
incidental vocabulary learning, emotional load, domain bias, experiment designAbstract
This paper investigates the effectiveness of incidental vocabulary acquisition through writing and reading tasks, replicating and extending the study conducted by Pichette et al. (2012). Based on the Involvement Load Hypothesis and recent literature on cognitive and lexical processing, the paper proposes an improved methodology of a study which could investigate whether writing sentences promotes greater vocabulary retention than reading, and whether concrete nouns are more successfully acquired and retained than abstract ones. The methodology builds closely on the original study maintaining the within-subject design but introduces refined item selection, culturally negotiated translations, and additional controls to ensure ecological validity and reduce the influence of intentional learning. The proposed methodology also takes into account the impact of connotation, word length, learner proficiency, and word decay curve.
References
Averianova, I. (2015). Vocabulary acquisition in L2: Does CALL really help? In F. Helm, L. Bradley, M. Guarda, & S. Thouësny (Eds.), Critical CALL – Proceedings of the 2015 EUROCALL Conference, Padova, Italy (pp. 30-35). Research-publishing.net. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2015.000306
Bao, G. (2019). Comparing input and output tasks in EFL learners‘ vocabulary. TESOL International, 14(1), 1-12.
Barcroft, J. (2004). Effects of sentence writing in second language lexical acquisition. Second Language Research, 20(4), 303-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0267658304sr233oa
Chujo, K., & Oghigian, K. (2009). How many words do you need to know to understand TOEIC, TOEFL & EIKEN? An examination of text coverage and high frequency vocabulary. The Journal of Asian TEFL, 6(2), 121-148.
Craik, F. I., Naveh-Benjamin, M., Ishaik, G., & Anderson, N. D. (2000). Divided attention during encoding and retrieval: Differential control effects? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(6), 1744–1749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.26.6.1744
DeKeyser, R. (2007). Situating the concept of practice. In R. DeKeyser (Ed.), Practice in a second language (pp. 1–18). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667275.002
Dornyei, Z., & Skehan, P. (2003). Individual differences in second language learning. In C. J. Doughty, & M. H. Long (Eds.), The handbook of Second Language Acquisition (pp. 589-630). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756492.ch18
Gass, S. (1999). DISCUSSION: Incidental vocabulary learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2), 319-333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263199002090
Gotoh, F. (2012). Affective valence of words impacts recall from auditory working memory. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24(2), 117-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.589380
Hamada, M. (2021). Learning words from reading: A cognitive model of word-meaning inference. London: Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350153707
Hashimoto, B. J., & Egbert, J. (2019). More than frequency? Exploring predictors of word difficulty for second language learners. Language Learning, 69(4), 785-1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12353
Joe, A. (1998). What effects do text-based tasks promoting generation have on incidental vocabulary acquisition? Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.3.357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.3.357
Jucks, R., & Paus, E. (2012). What makes a word difficult? Insights into the mental representation of technical terms. Metacognition Learning, 7, 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-011-9084-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-011-9084-6
Jung, J. (2017). Effects of task complexity on L2 writing processes and linguistic complexity: A keystroke logging study. English Teaching, 72(4), 179-200. https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.72.4.201712.179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.72.4.201712.179
Jung, J. (2020). Effects of content support on integrated reading-writing task performance and incidental vocabulary learning. System, 93, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102288
Kowialiewski, B., Krasnoff, J., Mizrak, E., & Oberauer, K. (2022). Verbal working memory encodes phonological and semantic information differently. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4235958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/asu83
Laufer, B. (2020). Evaluating exercises for learning vocabulary. In S. Webb (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of vocabulary studies (pp. 348-368). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429291586-23
Laufer, B., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2001). Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: The construct of task-induced involvement. Applied Linguistics, 22(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.1.1
Loftus, G. R. (1985). Evaluating forgetting curves. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(2), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.397
Li, J. (2021). Word senses as clusters of meaning modulations: A computational model of polysemy. Cognitive Science, 45(4), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12955
Liu, Z., Shen, K., Olsen, R. K., & Ryan, J. D. (2018). Age-related changes in the relationship between visual exploration and hippocampal activity. Neuropsychologia, 119, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.032
Murdock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(5), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045106
Nation, I. S. P. (2005). Teaching and learning vocabulary. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 581-595). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nation, I. S. P. (2022). Learning vocabulary in another language (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009093873
Nyberg, L., Tulving, E., Habib, R., Nilsson, L. G., Kapur, S., Houle, S., McIntosh, A. R. (1995). Functional brain maps of retrieval mode and recovery of episodic information. Neuroreport, 7(1), 249-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199512290-00060
Pichette, F., De Serres, L., & Lafontaine, M. (2012). Sentence reading and writing for second language vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 33(1), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amr037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amr037
Posner, M. I., & Boies, S. J. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78(5), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031333
Singh, K., Ang, S. H., & Leong, S. M. (2003). Increasing replication for knowledge accumulation in strategy research. Journal of Management, 29(4), 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00024-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063_03_00024-2
Wiley, J., & Rayner, K. (2000). Effects of titles on the processing of text and lexically ambiguous words: Evidence from eye movements. Memory and Cognition, 28, 1011–1021. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209349
Williams, J. (2012). The potential role(s) of writing in second language development. Journal of Second Language Writing, 21(4), 321–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2012.09.007
Zareva, A. (2011). Effects of lexical class and word frequency on L1 and L2 English‐based lexical connections. The Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 1‐17.
Zareva, A. (2012). Partial word knowledge: Frontier words in the L2 mental lexicon. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 50(4), 277-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2012-0011
Zou, D. (2017). Vocabulary acquisition through cloze exercises, sentence-writing and composition-writing: extending the evaluation component of the involvement load hypothesis. Language Teaching Research, 21(1), 54-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816652418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816652418
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Language Teaching

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.